― 559 ―
Index
| Subject-matter | Paragraph note | ||
| Abnormal income, averaging | 14.66 See also Averaging of income | ||
| Accessions taxes | 3.38 See also Estate and gift duty | ||
| Accident funds, tax treatment of premiums and benefits | 7.96 | ||
| Accounting, re fluctuating incomes | 14.69 | ||
| Accounting periods | |||
| —annual accounting | 7.23–7.26 | ||
| —inflation | 6.66–6.67 | ||
| —trusts | 15.9 | ||
| Adjustment sheets | 22.65–22.67 | ||
| Administration, complexities | |||
| —concessional deductions | 12.25 | ||
| —cost of travel to and from work | 7.64 | ||
| —fringe benefits | 9.8 | ||
| —imputed rent of the owner-occupied home | 7.46, 7.48 | ||
| —income earning activities in the home | 7.76, 7.77 | ||
| —surcharge on property income | 14.13 | ||
| Administration, savings in | 9.70 | ||
| Administration, income tax | 22.1–22.140, 28.24 | ||
| —adjustment sheets | 22.65–22.67 | ||
| —advance exposure of proposed legislation | 22.62 | ||
| —amendment of assessments | 22.14–22.15 | ||
| —appeals | 22.1, 22.35–22.39 | ||
| —Boards of Review | 22.11, 22.20–22.34, 28.24 | ||
| —certainty of liability for tax | 22.5, 22.7, 22.10 | ||
| —company tax | 22.129–22.138 | ||
| —costs of appeals, reviews and objections | 22.40–22.42 | ||
| —hardship relief | 22.55–22.61 | ||
| —High Court | 22.28, 22.35 | ||
| —independent standing committee, proposal for | 22.63 | ||
| —information supplied by Commissioner | 22.68–22.73, 23.2 | ||
| —international comparisons | 22.5, 22.17 | ||
| —losses, assessment procedures | 22.74–22.78 | ||
| —non-taxable assessments | 22.74–22.78 | ||
| —objections to assessments | 22.16–22.21 | ||
| —payment of tax | 22.89–22.139 | ||
| —prosecution procedures and penalties | 22.45–22.54 | ||
| —provisional tax | 22.109–22.128 | ||
|
― 560 ― —recommendations |
22.12, 22.15, 22.17, 22.18, 22.19, 22.21, 22.24–22.34, 22.38–22.39, 22.42, 22.44, 22.46, 22.47, 22.48, 22.53, 22.54, 22.58, 22.59, 22.62, 22.63, 22.67, 22.69, 22.73, 22.78, 22.81, 22.85, 22.86, 22.88, 22.94, 22.97–22.98, 22.101, 22.102, 22.108, 22.116, 22.123, 22.130, 22.140. | ||
| —registered tax agent | 22.83–22.88 | ||
| —statistics | 22.16 | ||
| —Supreme Court | 22.6, 22.21, 22.35 | ||
| —taxpayer compliance | 22.79–22.82 | ||
| —withholding tax | 22.139–22.140 | ||
| Administration of deceased estate | 16.89 See also Estate and gift duty. | ||
| Adoption expenses as concessional deductions | 12.17 | ||
| Advance payment of income tax, interest on | 22.43–22.44 | ||
| Agents, registered | See Registered tax agents | ||
| Agricultural associations | 20.22, 20.27 | ||
| Alimony | 7.22, 10.30–10.32 | ||
| Amortisation | See Depreciation | ||
| Annual accounting | 3.13–3.15, 7.23–7.26, 8.4, 8.6–8.8, 8.27–8.47 | ||
| Annuities | 15.13, 21.48, 21.55, 21.136 | ||
| Anti-bunching | See Averaging of income | ||
| Appeals | 22.1, 22.35–22.39 | ||
| —against Commissioner's discretionary powers | 22.38 | ||
| —costs of | 22.40–22.42 | ||
| —powers and jurisdiction of Courts | 22.35 | ||
| —procedures | 22.38–22.39 | ||
| —recommendations | 22.38–22.39 | ||
| Assessments, non-taxable | 22.74–22.78 | ||
| Australian tax systems | |||
| —complexity | 2.5 | ||
| —criteria for tax systems | 3.1–3.49 | ||
| —distribution of taxes | 4.6–4.16, 5.10 | ||
| —goals of tax reform | 4.32–4.38, 5.1–5.16, 28.1–28.2, 28.5, 28.10, 28.11, 28.30 | ||
| —historical perspective | 2.1–2.5, 28.6 | ||
| —international comparison | 1.8, 2.6–2.11 | ||
| —need for review | 1.1–1.10 | ||
| Austria, wealth tax | 26.3, 26.4 | ||
| Authors and inventors, averaging of income | 14.66, 14.83 | ||
| Averaging, income tax: temporal | 3.13. 7.24 | ||
| Averaging of income | 14.60–14.85 | ||
| —anti-bunching | 14.64–14.66, 14.83–14.85 | ||
| —authors and inventors | 14.66, 14.83 | ||
| —block averaging | 14.72 | ||
| —capital gains tax | 23.35 | ||
| —cumulative averaging method | 14.71 | ||
|
― 561 ― —drought bonds |
14.62, 14.64 | ||
| —existing law | 14.62–14.66, 14.70 | ||
| —income equalisation schemes | 14.69, 14.80–14.83 | ||
| —inflation | 14.69 | ||
| —marginal adjustment scheme | 14.73 | ||
| —primary producers | 14.62–14.63, 14.65, 14.68–14.69, 14.77, 14.79, 14.85, 18.19–18.21 | ||
| —recommendations | 14.69, 14.77–14.79, 14.82–14.84 | ||
| —United States system | 14.74, 14.76–14.77 | ||
| Aviation associations | 20.22 | ||
| Avoidance | 22.7, 22.100, 28.16 | ||
| —estate and gift duty | 24.2, 24.10 | ||
| —income-splitting | 11.1, 11.6, 11.42–11.44 p. 157 | ||
| —shape of personal income tax rate scale | 14.31–14.32, 14.37 | ||
| —superannuation | 21.49–21.51 | ||
| —unit of taxation | 10.26 | ||
| —wholesale sales tax | 27.A25–27.A28 | ||
| Beneficiaries | See Trusts | ||
| Blind persons, medical expenses | 12.49–12.51 | ||
| Block averaging | See Averaging of income | ||
| Board of Relief | See Hardship relief | ||
| Boards of Review | 22.11, 22.20–22.34, 28.24 | ||
| —appeals from | 22.35–22.39 | ||
| —constitution of | 22.34 | ||
| —costs of appearance before | 22.30, 22.40–22.42 | ||
| —discretion of | 22.21, 22.25, 22.30 | ||
| —evidence before | 22.32, 22.33 | ||
| —grounds for appeal to | 22.20 | ||
| —immunity of members and representatives | 22.28 | ||
| —powers and procedures | 22.22–22.34 | ||
| —‘pre-trial’ procedure | 22.27 | ||
| —quorum | 22.29 | ||
| —recommendations | 22.21, 22.24–22.34 | ||
| Borrowing, government | 1.8, 3.3 | ||
| Business income, and inflation | 6.66–6.67, 6.69, 6.70 | ||
| Business and professional income | 8.1–8.212, 19.1, 28.14 | ||
| —accounting principles | 8.4, 8.6–8.8, 8.27–8.29, 8.45–8.47, 8.88, 8.178–8.179, 8.182 | ||
| —accruals tax accounting | 8.9, 8.27–8.47 | ||
| —annual accounting | 8.4, 8.6–8.8, 8.27–8.47, 8.155 | ||
| —anti-pollution expenses | 8.14, 8.207–8.208 | ||
| —building depreciation | 8.11, 8.71, 8.82–8.109, 28.14 | ||
| —capital raising costs | 8.71, 8.110–8.112 | ||
| —cash or accruals basis | 8.9, 8.16–8.26 | ||
| —concept of profits | 8.1–8.2, 8.4, 8.29, 8.45–8.47, 28.14 | ||
| —deductibility of expenses | 8.4 | ||
| —depreciation | 8.11, 8.33, 8.71–8.112, 8.185, 8.186, 8.196 | ||
| —doubtful debts | 8.10, 8.48, 8.50, 8.69–8.70 | ||
| —holiday pay | 8.10, 8.48 | ||
| —inflation, effects of | 8.5, 8.13, 8.175–8.193 | ||
|
― 562 ― —know-how, cost of acquiring |
8.71, 8.110–8.112 | ||
| —and held for resale, holding charges | 8.37 | ||
| —leasehold improvement | 8.71, 8.105–8.109 | ||
| —lease transactions | 8.195–8.197 | ||
| —long-service leave | 8.10, 8.33, 8.48, 8.50, 28.14 | ||
| —loss carry forward | 8.113 | ||
| —loss from impending lawsuit | 8.68 | ||
| —losses, recoupment of | 8.12, 8.155–8.174 | ||
| —matching of income and expense | 8.9, 8.48, 8.57, 8.71, 8.113 | ||
| —obsolescence, depreciation | 8.76–8.78, 8.81 | ||
| —plant and equipment depreciation | 8.75–8.71 | ||
| —professional libraries | 8.202–8.204 | ||
| —professional work in progress | 8.34, 8.38–8.44 | ||
| —provisions and accrued expenses | 8.10, 8.48–8.70 | ||
| —recommendations | 8.19–8.22, 8.24, 8.25, 8.37, 8.41, 8.47, 8.55, 8.57, 8.63, 8.67, 8.68, 8.70, 8.81, 8.93, 8.100, 8.109, 8.117, 8.118, 8.121, 8.133, 8.135, 8.138, 8.139, 8.144–8.145, 8.146, 8.151, 8.163, 8.168, 8.171, 8.174, 8.200, 8.204 | ||
| —repairs expenditure | 8.14, 8.198–8.201 | ||
| —revenue implications | 8.43, 8.55, 8.104, 8.160 | ||
| —sick leave | 8.10 | ||
| —statistics | 8.52, 8.55, 8.58, 8.62 | ||
| —trading stock | 8.12, 8.113–8.154, 8.187–8.188 | ||
| —transitional provisions | 8.24–8.26, 8.44, 8.55, 8.63–8.65, 8.104 | ||
| —travelling and entertainment expenses | 8.14, 8.205–8.206 | ||
| —warranties, product | 8.10, 8.48, 8.50, 8.66–8.67 | ||
| Canada | |||
| —averaging of income | 14.72, 14.75–14.76, 14.79, 14.81 | ||
| —capital gains tax | 23.20, 23.25, 23.33, 23.41 | ||
| —charities | 25.8, 25.14 | ||
| —company tax | 16.28, 16.52, 16.53, 16.55, 16.56, 16.67, 16.72, 16.74, 16.81, 16.82, 16.97, 16.100–16.101, 16.114, 16.127, 16.151 | ||
| —hobby farming | 18.33, 18.34 | ||
| —income tax, international aspects | 17.51, 17.96 | ||
| —inflation | 6.18 | ||
| —information from Commissioner | 22.69, 22.72, 22.73 | ||
| —investment income | 9.80 | ||
| —life insurance | 21.151, 21.156, 21.157 | ||
| —mining industry | 19.A18–19.A21, 19.A62–19.A74, 19.A99–19.A101 | ||
| —personal allowance universal | 14.19 | ||
| —personal income tax rate structure | 14.3 | ||
| —rate scale, adjustment of | 14.54 | ||
| —standard deduction | 9.71–9.73 | ||
| —superannuation | 21.53, 21.55 | ||
| —tax reform | 2.11 | ||
| —unit of taxation | 10.2, 10.12 | ||
|
― 563 ― —wealth tax |
26.3 | ||
| Canadian Royal Commission on the Status of Women (1967–1970) | p.140 | ||
| Capital gains tax | 23.1–23.82, 28.9, 28.25, 28.30 | ||
| —and wealth tax | 26.10, 26.11, 26.17, 26.25 | ||
| —at death | 23.52–23.54, 24.54 | ||
| —arguments for and against | 3.36, 23.9–23.10 | ||
| —bunching and spreading | 23.14, 23.26, 23.35–23.38, 23.82 | ||
| —capital losses | 23.71 | ||
| —chattels | 23.63–23.64 | ||
| —companies | 23.26, 23.40–23.44, 23.69 | ||
| —company tax | 16.10, 16.20, 16.28, 16.43 | ||
| —deferral of introduction | 23.4, 23.5, 23.82, p.435 | ||
| —depreciable assets | 23.67 | ||
| —development gains | 2.11, 23.78–23.82, 28.25 | ||
| —exemption provisions | 23.55–23.66 | ||
| —gifts | 23.51 | ||
| —indexation | 23.22, 23.82 | ||
| —inflation | 3.16, 6.68, 6.69, 6.70, 23.4, 23.22–23.24, 23.29, 23.30, 23.82, p.435 | ||
| —information bulletins, need for | 23.2–23.3, 23.5, 23.20 | ||
| —intangible assets | 23.68 | ||
| —life assurance policies | 23.65 | ||
| —lock-in effect | 23.21 | ||
| —on death | 23.55 | ||
| —overseas systems | 2.10–2.11, 23.8, 23.20, 23.25, 23.27, 23.33, 23.41 | ||
| —proportion of gain to be taxed | 23.28–23.29, p.435, p.438 | ||
| —rate of tax | 23.25–23.29, 23.82, p.438 | ||
| —realisation | 23.14, 23.21 | ||
| —recommendations | 23.5, 23.21, 23.35, 23.40, 23.51, 23.52, 23.53, 23.64, 23.65, 23.66, 23.67, 23.68, 23.69, 23.74, 23.75, 23.76, 23.82, p.435, p.436, p.438 | ||
| —recent amendments | 23.2–23.3, 23.5–23.6, 23.29, 23.54, 23.56, 23.60, 23.62, 23.70, 23.72, 23.77 | ||
| —reservations by Committee members | pp.435–437, p.438 | ||
| —residence, principal | 23.57–23.59, 23.82 | ||
| —retirement, exemption on | 23.55 | ||
| —roll-over | 23.58, 23.69 | ||
| —sections 26(a), 26AAA, 52 | 23.74–23.77, pp.436–437 | ||
| —spreading of gains | 23.35–23.38 | ||
| —superannuation rights | 23.66 | ||
| —systems, alternative | 23.21–23.30 | ||
| —transitional provisions | 23.31–23.34 | ||
| —trusts | 23.26, 23.45–23.50 | ||
| —‘valuation day’ | 23.31–23.34 | ||
| —valuation, method of | 23.34 | ||
| Carter Report | |||
| —business and professional income | 8.129 | ||
| —charities | 25.8, 25.14 | ||
|
― 564 ― —company tax |
16.44, 16.81 | ||
| —death tax | 24.7 | ||
| —integration of personal and company income tax | 14.27 | ||
| —maximum marginal rate of personal income tax | 14.32 | ||
| —primary production losses | 18.34 | ||
| —unit of taxation | 10.12 | ||
| —wealth tax | 26.3 | ||
| Cash or accruals basis, change of method | 8.9, 8.16–8.26 | ||
| Charities | 20.21, 25.1–25.39, 28.27 | ||
| —classes | 25.4–25.5 | ||
| —deductibility of gifts to | 12.30, 25.3–25.11, 25.22–25.26 | ||
| —definition | 25.1 | ||
| —encouragement of | 25.6, 25.20–25.37 | ||
| —income, treatment of | 25.12–25.16, 25.27–25.37 | ||
| —in competition with private enterprise | 25.12, 25.27, 25.29–25.31, 25.34, 25.37 | ||
| —in relation to estate and gift duty | 25.17–25.19, 25.24 | ||
| —present law | 25.3, 25.12, 25.17, 25.18, 25.38, Appendices 25A, 25B, 25C | ||
| —recommendations | 25.26, 25.37, 25.39 | ||
| —role of | 25.20 | ||
| —subsidisation of | 25.21–25.37 | ||
| —uniformity of tax treatment | 25.38–25.39, Appendix 25C | ||
| Chemist expenses, concessional deduction for | 12.43 | ||
| Child, concessional deduction for | 12.13–12.16 | ||
| Child endowment | 4.11, 5.3, 7.22, 12.13, 12.14, 12.15, 12.16 | ||
| —aggregation with parental income | 12.15 See also Social service grants | ||
| Child-minding expenses | 7.18, 7.66–7.75 | ||
| —deduction for housekeeper | 7.68 | ||
| —in relation to education expenses | 7.71, 7.72 | ||
| —practical considerations | 7.70, 7.73 | ||
| —rebates for | 7.73 | ||
| —recommendation | 7.69, 7.70 | ||
| Children, | See Child endowment; Child minding expenses; concessional deductions; Dependants; Income-splitting; Unit of taxation. | ||
| Chiropodists | 12.46 | ||
| Colombia, wealth tax | 26.3 | ||
| Commissioner's discretionary power | 11.6, 11.27, 11.35, 11.44, 11.46, 21.104, 21.106, 22.2–22.13, 28.24 | ||
| —and tax avoidance | 22.7 | ||
| —appeals from exercise of | 22.13, 22.38 | ||
| —expenses of income earning activities in the home | 7.80 | ||
| —guidelines, need for | 22.9–22.10 | ||
| —limitations in | 22.6, 22.10, 22.18, 22.19, 22.20 | ||
| Commission of Inquiry into Poverty | 12.14 | ||
| Commissioned studies for Committee | xviii | ||
|
― 565 ― Committee of inquiry |
|||
| —advertisement inviting submissions | xviii | ||
| —appointment of | xvii | ||
| —composition | xvii–xviii | ||
| —staff | xix | ||
| —terms of reference | xvii, xx, 1.8, 1.14, 3.1–3.6, 19.5, 28.1, 28.4, 28.5, 28.6 | ||
| Committee of Inquiry into Compensation and Rehabilitation in Australia | 7.36 | ||
| Companies | |||
| —capital gains tax | 23.26, 23.40–23.44, 23.69 | ||
| —estate and gift duty | 16.3 | ||
| —growing significance of | 16.1–16.3 | ||
| —trusts and partnerships | 15.2, 15.29 See also Company tax; Distributions; Dividends; Private companies | ||
| Company groups | 16.22–16.35 | ||
| —consolidated returns | 16.125, 16.127, 16.129–16.130 | ||
| —holding and subsidiary companies | 16.132–16.133 | ||
| —loss transfer | 16.126, 16.128 | ||
| —proposed basis of assessment | 16.131–16.133 | ||
| —trading and consortium companies | 16.134–16.135 | ||
| Company income | See Business and professional income | ||
| Company tax | 1.3, 3.21, A3.33–3.35, 16.1–16.152 | ||
| —and capital gains tax | 16.10. 16.20, 16.28, 16.43 | ||
| —and inflation | 6.22 | ||
| —and personal income tax | 14.26–14.27, 16.8, 16.10, 16.17, 16.34, 16.40. 16.41 | ||
| —and VAT | 27.45 | ||
| —assessment of company groups | 16.122–16.135 | ||
| —bonus issues of shares | 16.25 | ||
| —continuity of ownership | 16.137–16.144 | ||
| —convertible notes, treatment of | 16.147–16.149 | ||
| —criticisms of present system | 16.16–16.20 | ||
| —distributions | See Distributions | ||
| —dividends | 16.12, 16.13, 16.14 | ||
| —efficiency, economic | 3.35, 16.20 | ||
| —election to be treated as partnership | 16.24, 16.79–16.96 | ||
| —equity | 16.6, 16.17, 16.19, 16.23, 16.29, 16.39, 16.46–16.47, 16.50, 16.69 | ||
| —high gearing, treatment of | 16.150–16.152 | ||
| —imputation system, proposal for | 16.52–16.74, 28.18 | ||
| —imputation system, discussion of | 16.32–16.51, 16.117, 16.145, 16.146 | ||
| —incidence | 3.33, 16.5–16.8, 16.32 | ||
| —international implications | 16.10, 16.14, 16.26, 16.30, 16.31, 16.35, 16.46, 16.50, 16.64–16.74, 16.151 | ||
| —justification for | 16.5–16.11 | ||
| —loan and share capital | 16.145–16.152 | ||
| —losses, carry forward of | 16.136–16.144 | ||
|
― 566 ― —neutrality |
16.20, 16.23, 16.29, 16.37, 16.39, 16.45, 16.49, 16.50, 16.100, 16.145, 16.150 | ||
| —present system | 2.10, 16.2–16.15, 16.102–16.152 | ||
| —private company | 16.13, 16.15, 16.62, 16.102, 16.107, 16.130 | ||
| —public company | 16.13 | ||
| —rate of tax | 16.13, 16.14, 16.17–16.19, 16.31, 16.40, 16.41, 16.43, 16.46 | ||
| —rebate | 16.14, 16.107 | ||
| —recommendation | 16.51, 16.56, 16.80, 16.100, 16.120, 16.131, 16.133, 16.135, 16.143, 16.148 | ||
| —revenue implications | 16.57–16.58, 16.60, 16.129, 16.132 | ||
| —separate (‘classical’) system | 16.12, 16.16, 16.17, 16.20, 16.117 | ||
| —shifting of | 16.7, 16.9, 16.75–16.78 | ||
| —small enterprises | 16.97–16.101 | ||
| —split rate system | 16.32–16.39 | ||
| —subvention payments | 16.133, 16.144 | ||
| —tax shelters | 7.32, 16.31, 16.32, 16.39, 16.47, 16.62, 16.63, 16.109, 16.110 | ||
| —unacceptable alternatives | 16.21–16.31 | ||
| —undistributed profits tax | 16.15, 16.62, 16.112, 16.124, 16.130, 16.148 See also Company groups; Income tax; Tax mix | ||
| Company tax, collection of | 22.129–22.138 | ||
| —and imputation system | 22.136, 22.138 | ||
| —present legislation | 22.129–22.130, 22.133 | ||
| Compensation | |||
| —for injury to reputation | 7.41, 23.17 | ||
| —for loss of office | 7.5–7.9, 21.15 | ||
| —for physical injury | 1.10, 7.5, 7.10, 7.34–7.40, 23.17 | ||
| —periodical payments | 7.36 | ||
| —recommendations | 7.40, 7.41 | ||
| Complexity | |||
| —capital gains tax | 3.36, 23.10 | ||
| —concessional deduction | 12.17 | ||
| —estate and gift duty | 3.38 | ||
| —income tax, international aspects | 17.37–17.38, 17.49, 17.52 | ||
| —personal income tax | 3.31, 14.2, 14.3–14.6 | ||
| —personal income tax rate structure | 14.2, 14.3–14.6 | ||
| —present system | 2.5 | ||
| —surcharge on property income | 14.10, 14.12–14.13 | ||
| —VAT | 27.50 | ||
| —wealth tax | 3.39 See also Simplicity | ||
| Concessional allowances | See Concessional deductions; Concessional rebates | ||
| Concessional deductions | 12.1–12.62, 28.16 | ||
| —adoption expenses | 12.17 | ||
| —and inflation | 6.52–6.59 | ||
|
― 567 ― —and unit of taxation |
10.25 | ||
| —anomalies | 12.7, 12.8 | ||
| —charitable donations | 12.30, 25.3–25.11, 25.22–25.26 | ||
| —child-minding expenses | See Concessional rebates | ||
| —children | 6.53, 6.54, 6.55, 7.21, 12.13–12.16, 28.16 | ||
| —criticisms of | 12.3, 12.4, 12.5, 12.6, 12.7, 12.12 | ||
| —dental expenses | 12.17 | ||
| —dependent adults | 12.11 | ||
| —dependants | 12.3–12.16 | ||
| —duplication of other benefits | 12.22, 12.23, 12.25 | ||
| —education expenses | 7.21, 12.17, 12.30–12.34 | ||
| —effect on demand | 12.21 | ||
| —efficiency and equity | 12.19, 12.20, 12.26, 12.27, 12.29 | ||
| —funeral expenses | 12.17, 12.52 | ||
| —gifts | 12.17 | ||
| —housekeeper | 7.67, 12.12 | ||
| —housekeeper in relation to child-minding expenses | 7.75 | ||
| —instrument of social policy | 12.22, 12.24 | ||
| —life assurance premiums | 7.21, 12.17, 12.19, 21.134–21.139, 21.151 | ||
| —living-away-from home allowances | 12.17, 12.30 | ||
| —inter-relationship of benefits | 12.20 | ||
| —medical expenses | 7.21, 12.71, 12.30, 12.35–12.51 | ||
| —mortgage interest | 12.17, 12.21 | ||
| —optical expenses | 12.17 | ||
| —rates and land taxes | 7.42, 12.17 | ||
| —recommendations | 12.4, 12.6, 12.8, 12.11, 12.12, 12.14, 12.15, 12.16, 12.29 | ||
| —self-education expenses | 12.17, 12.30 | ||
| —spouse | 6.53, 6.54, 6.55, 7.21, 12.3–12.10, 28.16 | ||
| —statistics | 12.1, 12.18 | ||
| —student | 12.16 | ||
| —subscriptions | 12.17 | ||
| —superannuation | 7.21, 12.17, 21.30–21.32 | ||
| —travelling costs | 7.58, 7.59 | ||
| —travel to and from work | 7.56, 7.61 | ||
| —zone allowances | 7.21, 12.17, 12.53–12.62 | ||
| Concessional rebates | |||
| —and family unit taxation | 12.9 | ||
| —blind persons | 12.50 | ||
| —child-minding expenses | 7.66–7.75 | ||
| —child-minding expenses in relation to education expenses | 7.71, 7.72 | ||
| —child-minding expenses in relation to housekeeper deduction | 7.75 | ||
| —dependent adults | 12.11 | ||
| —education expenses | 12.32, 12.33 | ||
| —housekeeper | 12.12 | ||
| —invalids | 12.50 | ||
|
― 568 ― —recommendations |
12.4, 12.6, 12.8, 12.11, 12.12, 12.14, 12.15, 12.16, 12.32, 12.33 | ||
| —self-education | 7.100 | ||
| —spouse | 12.4 | ||
| —student | 12.16 | ||
| —zone allowance | 12.58–12.59 | ||
| Contributions | See Subscriptions | ||
| Coombs Task Force | 19.47 | ||
| Co-operatives | 7.27, 20.29–20.37, 28.22 | ||
| —degree of concessional treatment | 20.31–20.34 | ||
| —government loan repayments | 20.37 | ||
| —present legislation | 20.29–20.30 | ||
| —recommendations | 20.36, 20.37 | ||
| —secondary activities | 20.36 | ||
| Credit unions | 7.27 | ||
| Criteria for tax systems | 3.1–3.49 See also Goals of tax reform | ||
| Cultural societies | 20.22, 20.24 | ||
| Cumulative averaging method | See Averaging of income | ||
| Customs duties | 17.30 | ||
| Death taxes | See Accessions taxes; Estate and gift duty; Inheritance taxes | ||
| Deceased estates | See trusts | ||
| Deductions | See Concessional deductions: Concessional rebates | ||
| Deduction, standard | See Standard deduction | ||
| Denmark | |||
| —rate scale, adjustment of | 14.54 | ||
| —wealth tax | 26.3, 26.6, 26.7, 26.8, 26.20 | ||
| Dental expenses, concessional deduction | 12.17, 12.45 | ||
| Dependant allowances | |||
| —erosion of inflation | 14.42 | ||
| Dependants | |||
| —estate and gift duty | 24.29–24.36, 24.40 | ||
| —wealth tax | 26.6 See also Child endowment; Concessional deductions; Unit of taxation | ||
| Depreciation | 8.11, 8.33, 8.71–8.112, 8.185, 8.186, 8.190, 15.21, 19.63–19.70, 19.89, 28.14 | ||
| —and capital gains tax | 23.67 | ||
| —buildings | 8.82–8.109 | ||
| —change of ownership | 8.98–8.102 | ||
| —demolition and damage | 8.103 | ||
| —inclusion of existing | 8.94–8.97 | ||
| —leasehold improvements | 8.105–8.109 | ||
| —qualifying classes | 8.93 | ||
| —Hulme Committee recommendation | 8.83–8.85 | ||
| —international comparison | 8.86–8.87 | ||
| —‘nothings’ and other capital costs | 8.110–8.112 | ||
| —on home office equipment | 7.82 | ||
| —plant and machinery | 8.75–8.81 | ||
|
― 569 ― Development gains tax |
2.11, 4.20, 23.78–23.82, 28.25 | ||
| Distribution of income and taxes | 4.6–4.16 See also Fairness; Progressivity; Redistribution | ||
| Distributions | |||
| —minimum | 16.15, 16.39, 16.41, 16.47–16.48, 16.62–16.63, 16.102–16.115 See also Company tax; Dividends; Private companies | ||
| Dividends | 1.3, 16.12. 16.13, 16.14, See also Distributions | ||
| Drought bonds, averaging of income | 14.62, 14.64 | ||
| Economic growth | 3.28, 4.26, 5.5 | ||
| Economic management | 3.27, 28.8 | ||
| Education,—policies towards | 4.22 | ||
| Education expenses | |||
| —concessional deduction | 12.17, 12.19, 12.30–12.34 | ||
| —in relation to child-minding expenses | 7.71, 7.72 | ||
| —present law | 12.31 | ||
| —recommendation | 12.32, 12.33 | ||
| Education, self | See Concessional deductions; Concessional rebates; Education expenses; Self-education | ||
| Efficiency, economic | 3.23–3.26, 11.2, 16,20, 21.4, 26.14, 26.18 | ||
| —and other objectives | 3.45–3.49 | ||
| —concessional deductions | 12.19, 12.25, 12.29 | ||
| —income tax, international aspects | 17.29–17.35, 17.40, 17.42, 17.66–17.67 | ||
| Election | |||
| —family unit treatment | 10.15, 10.17, 10.21, 10.26, 10.27–10.28, 10.33, pp.140–141 | ||
| —partnership treatment for companies | 16.24, 16.79–16.96 | ||
| Employment contract, payment for release from | 9.67–9.69 | ||
| Employment income | |||
| —fringe benefits | 9.2–9.45, 28.15 | ||
| —living away from home allowances | 9.60–9.62 | ||
| —relating to other years | 9.46–9.49 | ||
| —standard deduction | 9.70–9.73, 28.15 | ||
| —study leave | 9.63–9.66 | ||
| —travel and removal expenses | 9.50–9.59 | ||
| Employer associations | 20.22 | ||
| Equalisation, income | See Averaging of income | ||
| Equity | |||
| —and the personal income tax rate structure | 14.4, 14.17, 14.60 | ||
| —and wealth tax | 26.26, 26.18, 26.21, 26.22 | ||
| —and company tax | 16.6, 16.17, 16.19, 16.23, 16.29, 16.39, 16.46–16.47, 16.50, 16.69 | ||
| —concessional deductions | 12.19, 12.20, 12.26, 12.27, 12.29, 12.33, 12.54, 12.56, 25.22, 25.26 | ||
| —income splitting | 10.4, 11.2 | ||
|
― 570 ― —income tax, international aspects |
17.23–17.28, 17.30, 17.32, 17.40, 17.42, 17.45, 17.65–17.66, 17.68 | ||
| —social service payments | 13.6, 13.9 | ||
| —surcharge on property income | 14.10 | ||
| —superannuation | 21.62, 21.65 See also Fairness | ||
| Estate and gift duty | 1.3, 2.5, 3.37, 3.38, 11.16, 11.19, 11.31, 11.41, 21.64, 24.1–24.76, 24.A1–24.A105, 24.B1–24B8, 24.C1–24.C3, 28.31 | ||
| —accessions taxes | 24.7, 24.8 | ||
| —advance payment of | 24.43–24.46 | ||
| —and wealth tax | 24.6, 26.11, 26.15, 26.16, 26.17, 26.23, 26.25 | ||
| —assessment procedures | 24.69–24.70 | ||
| —avoidance | 24.2, 24.10 | ||
| —base | 7.7, 24.11–24.16, 24.22, 24.61 See also Estate and gift duty, proposed integrated base of | ||
| —charities, gifts to | 25.17, 25.19 | ||
| —concessions | 24.29–24.39 | ||
| —deductions | 24.22 | ||
| —dependants | 24.29–24.36, 24.40 | ||
| —discretionary trusts | 24.12, 24.19 | ||
| —domicile | 24.61 | ||
| —estate planning | 24.14, 24.30 | ||
| —inflation | 6.60–6.64 | ||
| —inflation, adjustments for | 24.2, 24.41–24.42, 24.51, 24.B3–24.B6, | ||
| —inheritance taxes | 24.7, 24.9 | ||
| —integrated estate and gift duty | 24.17–24.21, 24.31, 24.50, 24.64–24.68, 24.A1, 24.B2, 28.26 See also Estate and Gift Duty, proposed integrated base of | ||
| —integration of Commonwealth and State duties | 24.71–24.76, 28.26 | ||
| —life interests | 24.12, 24.19, 24.49, 24.65 | ||
| —liquidity of estate | 24.39 | ||
| —loans | 24.13, 24.18 | ||
| —merits and defects | 3.37–3.38, 4.31, 24.A2 | ||
| —options | 24.13, 24.18 | ||
| —personal representative | 24.53, 24.54, 24.57, 24.64 | ||
| —present system | 24.17, 24.23, 24.27–24.28, 24.38, 24.52, 24.A2, 24.B1 | ||
| —purposes | 24.4 | ||
| —quick succession relief | 24.47–24.51, 24.B7–24.B8 | ||
| —rate structure | 24.2, 24.20, 24.23–24.28, 24.B1–24.B8 | ||
| —recommendations | 24.9, 24.12, 24.20, 24.22, 24.23, 24.25, 24.26, 24.30, 24.31, 24.33, 24.35, 24.38, 24.39, 24.40, 24.47, 24.48, 24.51, 24.52, 24.56, 24.59, 24.60, 24.62, 24.63, 24.64, 24.68, 24.70, 24.75 | ||
|
― 571 ― —recovery of duty |
24.64–24.68 | ||
| —reservations by Committee members | p.485, p.487 | ||
| —revenue yield | 24.1, 24.2 | ||
| —rights, valuation | 24.11, 24.13, 24.18 | ||
| —situs of assets | 24.61–24.63, 24.C1–24.C3 | ||
| —‘slab’ or ‘slice’ system | 24.23 | ||
| —surviving spouse | 24.29–24.31 | ||
| —transitional provisions | 24.76 | ||
| —types of | 24.7 | ||
| —valuation of assets | 24.14, 24.52–24.59 | ||
| —See also Tax mix | |||
| Estate and gift duty, proposed integrated base of | 24.A1–24.A105 | ||
| —accumulating income | 24.A38–24.A43 | ||
| —annuities | 24.A51–24.A53, 24.A98 | ||
| —assignment of interest on estate | 24.A49, 24.A105 | ||
| —avoidance of tax | 24.A2, 24.A12, 24.A35, 24.A48 | ||
| —broadness | 24.A2–24.A3 | ||
| —‘closely controlled company’ | 24.A94 | ||
| —companies | 24.A70–24.A94 | ||
| —companies, use of, to effect gifts | 24.A77–24.A94 | ||
| —company, benefits received from | 24.A75–24.A76 | ||
| —company, gifts by | 24.A79–24.A83 | ||
| —company, gifts to | 24.A78 | ||
| —control over companies | 24.A73–24.A74, 24.A76 | ||
| —debts | 24.A65–24.A66 | ||
| —discretionary trusts | 24.A37 | ||
| —estates limited by time | 24.A35–24.A36, 24.A51 | ||
| —‘family company’ | 24.A94, p.485 | ||
| —enlargement of existing interest | 24.A46 | ||
| —inequities under present system | 24.A2 | ||
| —insurance and superannuation | 24.A96–24.A98 | ||
| —interrelation of income tax and gift duty | 24.A105, p.159, p.161 | ||
| —involuntary gifts | 24.A95 | ||
| —joint ownership of property | 24.A99 | ||
| —lease of property at reduced rates | 24.A59 | ||
| —life estates | 24.A27–24.A34, 24.A51 | ||
| —limited interests | 24.A48, 24.A50, 24.A51–24.A53 | ||
| —loan of money at low interest rate | 24.A62–24.A64 | ||
| —non-income producing assets | 24.A39, 24.A41 | ||
| —options | 24.A13–24.A24 | ||
| —partnerships | 24.A67–24.A69, 24.A105, p.485, p.487 | ||
| —powers over property | 24.A5–24.A13 | ||
| —power to appoint income | 24.A10, 24.A105 | ||
| —power to consent | 24.A13 | ||
| —protective trusts | 24.A47 | ||
| —recommendations | 24.A1–24.A105 | ||
| —reservations by Committee members | p.485, p.487 | ||
| —services, supplied at under or over value | 24.A54–24.A57, 24.A105 | ||
| —settled property | 24.A25–24.A50 | ||
| —settlement of property on self | 24.A45 | ||
| —shares, allotted at undervalue | 24.A84 | ||
| —shares, differential declarations of dividends | 24.A91–24.A93, 24.A105 | ||
|
― 572 ― —shares, obligation to sell in restricted market |
24.A89–24.A90 | ||
| —shares, variation in rights of | 24.A85, 24.A86–24.A88 | ||
| —tax haven | 24.A38 | ||
| —transactions, exempt | 24.A100–24.A104 | ||
| —transfer of assets to a company | 24.A70–24.A72 | ||
| —transitional provisions | 24.A42 | ||
| —trusts | 24.A5, 24.A7, 24.A25–24.A50, p.485 | ||
| —use of property at reduced rates | 24.A58–24.A64 | ||
| Estate planning | See Estate and gift duties | ||
| Evasion | |||
| —income splitting | 11.1 | ||
| —shape of personal income tax rate scale | 14.31, 14.32, 14.37 See also Avoidance | ||
| Exempt bodies | 20.20–20.28 | ||
| —charitable institutions | 20.21 | ||
| —recommendation | 20.20, 20.21, 20.26 | ||
| Excise duties | |||
| —merits and defects | 27.8, 27.10–27.12, 27.14–27.18 | ||
| —present system | 2.10, 27.3–27.4, 27.7, 27.9 | ||
| —recommendations | 27.14–27.18, 27.40–27.41 See also Goods and services, taxation of; Tax mix | ||
| Exempt income | 7.22 See also Social service grants | ||
| Expenses | |||
| —adoption | 12.17 | ||
| —dental | 12.17 | ||
| —education | 12.17, 12.30–12.34 | ||
| —for release from employment contract | 9.67–9.69 | ||
| —funeral | 12.17 | ||
| —insurance for income protection | 7.89–7.96 | ||
| —medical | 12.17, 12.35–12.37 | ||
| —of income earning activities in the home | 7.76–7.83 | ||
| —optical | 12.17 | ||
| —self-education | 7.97–7.100, 12.17 | ||
| —subscriptions to trade and professional associations | 7.84–7.88 See also Concessional deductions; Concessional rebates | ||
| Expenses of employment, deduction of | 7.2, 7.16–7.21, 28.15 | ||
| Fairness | |||
| —and other objectives | 3.45–3.49 | ||
| —capital gains tax | 3.36, 23.13 | ||
| —company tax | 3.33 | ||
| —horizontal equity | 3.7–3.18, 3.30–3.31, 23.13 | ||
| —personal income tax | 3.30 | ||
| —vertical equity | 3.7–3.9, 3.16–3.18, 23.13 See also Equity; Distribution of income and taxes; Progressivity | ||
| Family unit | See Unit of taxation | ||
|
― 573 ― Ferguson Committee |
|||
| —business and professional income | 8.83, 8.91 | ||
| —company tax | 16.104, 16.109 | ||
| —income splitting | 11.28, 11.29 | ||
| —life insurance | 21.142, 21.145 | ||
| Finland, wealth tax | 26.3, 26.4, 26.8 | ||
| Fluctuating income | See Averaging of income | ||
| Foreign source income | 7.33 | ||
| France | |||
| —income tax, international aspects | 17.94 | ||
| —unit of taxation | 10.11 | ||
| Friendly societies | 20.22, 20.23 | ||
| —tax treatment of premiums and benefits | 7.96 | ||
| Friendly society dispensaries | 20.23, 20.38–20.45, 28.22 | ||
| —present legislation | 20.39 | ||
| —recommendation | 20.43, 20.44, 20.45 | ||
| Fringe benefits | |||
| —adequacy of present law | 9.4, 9.7–9.13, 28.15 | ||
| —as part of income | 4.28, 7.15 | ||
| —as part of job | 9.8, 9.9 | ||
| —basis of calculation | 9.11, 9.12, 9.13 | ||
| —allowances, lump sum | 9.42 | ||
| —education of employee | 9.35 | ||
| —education of employee's children | 9.34 | ||
| —entertainment | 9.36–9.39 | ||
| —goods and services at discount | 9.21–9.24 | ||
| —housing | 9.15, 9.16 | ||
| —low interest loans | 9.26, 9.27 | ||
| —motor vehicles | 9.19, 9.20 | ||
| —prizes and gifts | 9.29–9.30 | ||
| —stock options and share purchases | 9.32 | ||
| —travel | 9.36–9.39 | ||
| —classes of benefits | 9.14–9.45 | ||
| —allowances, lump sum | 9.40–9.42 | ||
| —board and lodging | 9.17 | ||
| —education of employee | 9.35 | ||
| —education of employee's children | 9.34 | ||
| —entertainment | 9.36–9.39 | ||
| —goods and services at discount | 9.21–9.24 | ||
| —housing | 9.15, 9.16 | ||
| —low interest loans | 9.25–9.28 | ||
| —motor vehicles | 9.18–9.20 | ||
| —personal expenses | 9.33–9.39 | ||
| —prizes and gifts | 9.29, 9.30 | ||
| —stock options and share purchases | 9.31–9.32 | ||
| —travel | 9.36–9.39 | ||
| —disclosures by employer | 9.45 | ||
| —for taxpayer's dependants | 9.7, 9.34 | ||
| —recommendations | 9.8, 9.10, 9.11, 9.12, 9.13, 9.15, 9.16, 9.17, 9.18, 9.22–9.24, 9.25, 9.28, 9.29, 9.32, 9.34, 9.35, 9.36, 9.42, 9.45 | ||
| —tax instalment deduction | 9.6, 9.43–9.45, 22.102 | ||
|
― 574 ― Funeral expenses |
|||
| —deductions for | 12.17, 12.52, 24.22 | ||
| Gambling and lottery winnings | 7.5, 7.8 | ||
| General insurance industry | 20.1, 20.2–20.19, 28.22 | ||
| —catastrophe fund | 20.11–20.12 | ||
| —claims incurred but not reported, deduction for | 20.9–20.10 | ||
| —determination of earned premiums | 20.4–20.8 | ||
| —present position | 20.3, 20.4–20.5, 20.14–20.17 | ||
| —recommendations | 20.8, 20.12, 20.19 | ||
| —reinsurance with non-residents | 20.13–20.19 | ||
| General mining | See Mining industry | ||
| Germany | |||
| —company tax | 2.11 | ||
| —imputed rent of the owner-occupied home | 7.43 | ||
| —income tax, international aspects | 17.94 | ||
| —integration of company and personal income tax | 14.27 | ||
| —primary production losses | 18.33 | ||
| —wealth tax | 26.3, 26.4, 26.7, 26.8, 26.19 | ||
| Gift duty | See Estate and gift duty | ||
| Gifts | |||
| —as income | 7.5, 7.7 | ||
| —capital gains tax | 23.51 | ||
| —concessional deductions | 12.17, 12.19, 12.30 See also Charities; Fringe Benefits; Income Splitting | ||
| Goals of tax reform | 4.32–4.38, 5.1–5.16, 28.1–28.2, 28.5, 28.10, 28.11, 28.30 See also Criteria for tax systems | ||
| Gold mining, concessions to | See Mining industry | ||
| Goods and services, taxation of | 3.7, 3.40–3.43, 27.1, 27.51, 28.9, 28.16, 28.29 See also Excise duties; Retail sales tax; Tax mix; Turnover tax; Value-added tax; Wholesale sales tax | ||
| Government expenditure, rising trend | 1.5, 1.7–1.10 | ||
| Grants to low income earners, taxation of | 12.10 | ||
| Hardship relief | 22.55–22.61, 28.24 | ||
| —Board of Relief | 22.55, 22.56 | ||
| —procedure for | 22.55–22.56 | ||
| —scope of | 22.59, 22.60 | ||
| —statistics | 22.57 | ||
| Holiday pay | 8.10, 8.48, 8.50, 8.51–8.65, 21.15, 21.26 | ||
| Home, expenses of income earning activities in | 7.76–7.83 | ||
| —administrative complexities | 7.76–7.77 | ||
| —deductibility, tests to be applied | 7.77–7.80 | ||
| —recommendation | 7.81–7.83 | ||
| Home-ownership | |||
| —encouragement of | 7.44, 12.20 | ||
| —interest payments | 12.17, 12.21 | ||
| Home-ownership, concessions to | |||
| —capital gains tax | 23.57–23.59, 23.82 | ||
|
― 575 ― —personal income tax |
7.44, 7.56 See also Imputed income | ||
| Hospital and medical benefits, concessional deductions for | 12.38 | ||
| Hospitals | 20.21 | ||
| Housekeeping deduction | 7.67 | ||
| —concessional debate | 12.12 | ||
| —in relation to child-minding expenses | 7.75 | ||
| Hulme Committee | |||
| —business and professional income | 8.3, 8.72–8.73, 8.77, 8.83–8.85, 8.89, 8.91, 8.98 | ||
| Imputation system | See Company tax | ||
| Imputed income | 7.5, 7.11–7.15 | ||
| Imputed rent of the owner-occupied home | 7.42–7.53 | ||
| —bases of calculation | 7.45 | ||
| —criticisms of | 7.46–7.52 | ||
| —history of | 7.42 | ||
| —recommendation | 7.53 | ||
| —taxability | 7.42 See also Rent payments, deduction for | ||
| Incentives | |||
| —home ownership | 7.44 | ||
| —shape of personal income tax rate scale | 14.26, 14.28–14.30, 14.37 | ||
| —to save | 21.108, 21.116, 21.118, 21.127 | ||
| —to work | 3.24, 4.24–4.25 | ||
| Income | |||
| —charities | See Charities | ||
| —employment | See Employment income | ||
| —partnerships | See Partnerships | ||
| —trusts | See Trusts | ||
| Income, assessability of certain receipts | |||
| —imputed rent | 7.42, 7.46–7.52 | ||
| —lump sum payments | 7.34, 7.38, 7.41 | ||
| —periodic payments | 7.36 | ||
| Income averaging | See Averaging of income | ||
| Income splitting | 10.4, 10.17, 10.26, 10.29, 11.1–11.48, 24.A105 | ||
| —aggregation of income | 11.8, 11.9–11.11, p.157 | ||
| —alienation of income | 11.37 | ||
| —and section 260 | 11.42–11.44, p.157, p.159, p.162 | ||
| —avoidance of tax | 11.1, 11.6, p.157, 28.16 | ||
| —children | 11.8, 11.9–11.15, 11.26, 11.28, 11.45, pp.158–160, p.161 | ||
| —evasion of tax | 11.1 | ||
| —excessive payments for services and benefits | 11.34–11.36 | ||
| —family companies | 11.3, 11.25–11.33, 11.34, 11.35, 11.36, 11.38–11.41 | ||
| —income from gifts of capital | 11.4, 11.16–11.24, p. 157, pp.158–159 | ||
| —inequity | 11.2 | ||
| —international comparisons | 11.5 | ||
| —methods | 11.3, 11.25–11.33 | ||
|
― 576 ― —non-income producing assets |
11.16, 11.18, 11.19 | ||
| —obligations to dependants | 11.45, 11.46 | ||
| —partnerships | 11.3, 11.25–11.33, 11.34, 11.36, p.161 | ||
| —recommendations | 11.5, 11.9, 11.13, 11.15, 11.24, 11.30, 11.32, 11.33, 11.36, 11.41, 11.44, 11.45, 11.46, 11.48 | ||
| —relatives | 11.3, 11.7, 11.25, 11.34, 11.38, 11.39, 11.46 | ||
| —reservations by Committee members | pp.157–160, pp.161–162 | ||
| —spouses | 11.7, 11.8, 11.22, 11.23, 11.28, 11.45, pp.157–159, p.161 | ||
| —transactions at arm's length | 11.7, 11.13, 11.14, 11.32, 11.33, 11.41, 11.44 | ||
| —trusts | 11.3, 11.25, 11.33, 11.36, p.161 | ||
| Income tax | |||
| —ability to pay | 9.76 | ||
| —and gift duty | 24.A105 | ||
| —annual accounting | 7.23–7.26 | ||
| —base | 7.1–7.102, 28.13 | ||
| —compensation for injury | 7.5–7.9, 7.34–7.40, 7.41, 21.15 | ||
| —complexity | 2.5, 3.31, 14.2, 14.3–14.6, 17.37–17.38, 17.49, 17.52 | ||
| —concept of income | 3.7–3.16, 7.1–7.15 | ||
| —exempt income | 7.22 | ||
| —expenses | 7.16–7.21 | ||
| —income moving through intermediaries | 7.28–7.31 | ||
| —international aspects | See Income tax, international aspects | ||
| —losses | 7.25 See also Company tax expenses; Personal income tax; Tax mix | ||
| Income tax, administration | See Administration, income tax | ||
| Income tax, international aspects | 17.1–17.104, 28.19 | ||
| —Australian residents | 17.12–17.55 | ||
| —‘Australian trust’ | 17.16 | ||
| —branch operations in Australia | 17.91–17.95 | ||
| —Canada | 17.51, 17.96 | ||
| —credit for foreign tax | 17.3, 17.5, 17.19–17.21 | ||
| —double taxation | 17.16, 17.22–17.41, 17.10 | ||
| —double taxation agreements | 17.5, 17.7–17.8, 17.11, 17.12, 17.21, 17.27, 17.39, 17.44, 17.74–17.104 | ||
| —double taxation, relief from | 17.22–17.41, 17.77 | ||
| —efficiency, economic | 17.29–17.35, 17.40, 17.42, 17.66–17.68 | ||
| —equity considerations | 17.23–17.28, 17.30, 17.32, 17.40, 17.42, 17.45, 17.65–17.66, 17.68 | ||
| —foreign source | 7.33, 17.2, 17.3, 17.4, 17.5, 17.12–17.55, 17.56, 17.77, 28.19 | ||
| —France | 17.96 | ||
| —Germany | 17.96 | ||
|
― 577 ― —Italy |
17.96 | ||
| —Japan | 17.21, 17.96 | ||
| —jurisdiction | 17.1, 17.2, 17.6, 17.7, 17.9, 17.10, 17.38, 17.42, 17.53, 17.56, 17.60–17.61, 17.63, 17.101, 17.104 | ||
| —New Zealand | 17.5, 17.96 | ||
| —non-residents | 7.33, 17.1, 17.6, 17.10, 17.56–17.95, 17.A1–17.A25, 28.19 | ||
| —non-residents—justification for taxing | 17.63–17.68 | ||
| —O.E.C.D. model convention | 17.96, 17.99 | ||
| —origin of income | See Source of income | ||
| —Papua New Guinea | 17.20, 17.27, 17.35, 17.37, 17.38 | ||
| —permanent establishment | 17.7, 17.61 | ||
| —recommendations | 17.42–17.55, 17.70, 17.73, 17.76, 17.80–17.81, 17.88, 17.90, 17.92, 17.93, 17.95, 17.100, 17.101, 17.102, 17.103, 17.104, 17.A1–17.A25 | ||
| —residence of companies | 17.13–17.15 | ||
| —revenue implications | 17.41 | ||
| —royalties | See Interest and royalties | ||
| —simplicity | 17.36–17.41, 17.42, 17.43, 17.68, 17.A10 | ||
| —Singapore | 17.21, 17.96 | ||
| —source of income | 17.1, 17.2, 17.6, 17.7, 17.8, 17.9, 17.10, 17.56–17.93, 17.A1–17.A25 | ||
| —tax-haven companies and trusts | 17.9, 17.10, 17.15, 17.16, 17.26, 17.46–17.55, 17.71, 17.73, 17.76, 17.82, 17.90, 17.93 | ||
| —transactions between residents and non-residents | 17.84–17.90 | ||
| —treatment of income derived from | |||
| —dividends | 17.A22–17.A23 | ||
| —domestic manufacturing | 17.A5 | ||
| —domestic sale of domestic goods | 17.A3 | ||
| —interest | 17.A24–17.A25 | ||
| —know-how | 17.A19–17.A21 | ||
| —overseas sale of domestic goods | 17.A4 | ||
| —performance of non-employee services | 17.A12 | ||
| —personal employment | 17.A10–17.A11 | ||
| —rental of chattels | 17.A14–17.A16 | ||
| —sale of Australian real property | 17.A6 | ||
| —sale of commercial or industrial property | 17.A18 | ||
| —sale of imported goods | 17.A1–17.A2 | ||
| —sale of shares | 17.A7–17.A9 | ||
| —use of commercial or industrial property | 17.A17 | ||
| —United Kingdom | 17.13, 17.37, 17.88, 17.96, 17.101, 17.A1 | ||
| —United States | 17.37, 17.48, 17.51, 17.96, 17.101, 17.102, 17.104, 17.A1 | ||
|
― 578 ― —withholding tax |
17.1, 17.6, 17.53, 17.61–17.62, 17.67, 17.68, 17.69, 17.71–17.76, 17.82, 17.86, 17.91, 17.94–17.95, 17.A22, 17.A25 | ||
| Indexation | |||
| —and inflation | 6.34 | ||
| —capital gains tax | 23.22, 23.82 | ||
| —estate and gift duty | 24.44, 24.46 | ||
| —personal income tax | 2.11 See also Rate scale, adjusting | ||
| India,—wealth tax | 26.3 | ||
| Industries Assistance Commission | 19.5, 19.49, 19.55, 19.70 | ||
| Inflation | 6.1–6.72, 28.4 | ||
| —and the personal income tax rate structure | 6.15, 14.2, 14.39–14.59, 28.16 | ||
| —and averaging of income | 14.69 | ||
| —capital gains tax | 3.16, 6.68, 6.69, 6.70, 23.22–23.24, 23.29, 23.30, 23.82 | ||
| —company tax | 6.22 | ||
| —concessional allowances | 6.52–6.59 | ||
| —cost push theory | 6.7, 6.9, 6.10, 6.11 | ||
| —demand pull theory | 6.7, 6.8, 6.10 | ||
| —distribution of income and wealth | 6.3 | ||
| —effects on taxes | 6.5, 6.36–6.72 | ||
| —erosion of personal allowances | 14.42 | ||
| —estate and gift duty | 6.60–6.64, 24.2, 24.41–24.42, 24.51, 24.B3–24.B6 | ||
| —indexation, wage | 6.34 | ||
| —indirect taxes | 6.23 | ||
| —investment income | 9.77–9.78 | ||
| —payroll tax | 6.23 | ||
| —personal income tax | 2.11, 6.15–6.21, 6.35, 6.42–6.51 | ||
| —professional income | 8.5 | ||
| —property income | 6.69, 6.70 | ||
| —recommendations re | 6.32, 6.51, 6.64, 6.72 | ||
| —savings, effect on | 6.3, 21.164 | ||
| —tax as a tool to control | 6.7–6.35 | ||
| —method | 6.26, 6.33 | ||
| —problems re | 6.27–6.32 | ||
| —taxation, effect of on | 6.4, 6.7–6.35 | ||
| —tax base | 6.36, 6.65–6.71 | ||
| —tax drift | 6.36, 6.39–6.64 | ||
| —tax mix | 6.41 | ||
| —tax payment | 6.36, 6.37–6.38 | ||
| —total tax receipts | 6.40 | ||
| —wealth tax | 26.18–26.19 | ||
| Inflation, business income | 6.66–6.67, 6.69, 6.70, 8.5, 8.13, 8.175, 8.193 | ||
| —accelerated depreciation | 8.185 | ||
| —committees of inquiry, other | 8.172, 8.180, 8.184 | ||
| —replacement cost depreciation | 8.186 | ||
| Information supplied by Commissioner | 22.68–22.73 | ||
| —advance rulings | 22.73 | ||
|
― 579 ― —information bulletins |
22.70–22.72, 23.2–23.3, 23.5, 23.20 | ||
| —return forms | 22.68–22.69 | ||
| Information, penalties for failure to supply | 22.49–22.50 | ||
| Inheritance taxes | 2.11, 3.38 See also Estate and gift duty | ||
| Instalment deductions | See Tax instalment deductions | ||
| Insurance industry | 7.27, 20.1, 20.2–20.19 See also Life Assurance | ||
| Insurance premiums | |||
| —concessional deductions | 7.21, 12.17, 12.19, 21.134–21.139, 21.151 | ||
| Insurance premiums, for income protection | 7.89–7.96 | ||
| —justification for deductibility | 7.93–7.95 | ||
| —recommendation | 7.93–7.95 | ||
| Interest on home loans, deductibility of | 7.17–7.21, 7.44, 7.54, 12.30 | ||
| International aspects of income tax | See Income tax, international aspects, also under individual countries | ||
| Invalid dependants, concessional rebate for | 12.11 | ||
| Invalids, medical expenses | 12.49–12.51 | ||
| Inventors | See Authors and Inventors | ||
| Investment income | 9.74–9.81, 16.3 | ||
| —and inflation | 9.77, 9.78 | ||
| —need for concessional treatment | 9.74–9.81 | ||
| —basis of concession | 9.79–9.80 | ||
| —justifications | 9.75, 9.76 | ||
| —recommendations | 9.78–9.81 See also Property income | Ireland | |
| —company tax | 16.52 | ||
| —wealth tax | 26.3 | ||
| Italy, income tax, international aspects | 17.96 | ||
| Japan | |||
| —income tax, international aspects | 17.21, 17.96 | ||
| —wealth tax | 26.3 | ||
| Land taxes | See Rates and taxes, deduction for | ||
| Legislative drafting | 28.4 | ||
| Library, professional | 8.202–8.204 | ||
| Life insurance | 21.1–21.9, 21.78, 21.134 | ||
| —and capital gains tax | 23.65 | ||
| —and superannuation contributions | 21.135–21.136 | ||
| —annuity | 21.136 | ||
| —companies, taxation of | 21.140–21.147 | ||
| —concessional deductions | 7.21, 12.17, 21.134–21.139, 21.151 | ||
| —contributions to | 7.21, 12.30 | ||
| —history | 21.134–21.157 | ||
| —international comparisons | 21.150–21.157 | ||
| —observations | 21.150–21.164 | ||
| —policy proceeds, taxation of | 21.148–21.149 | ||
| —premiums, deductibility of | 21.134–21.139 | ||
|
― 580 ― —present legislation |
21.134–21.157 | ||
| —superannuation funds | 21.46 | ||
| —‘30/20’ requirement | 21.147 | ||
| Ligertwood Committee | |||
| —business and professional income | 8.3, 8.54, 8.61, 8.67, 8.72, 8.107, 8.119, 8.122, 8.129, 8.157 | ||
| —company tax | 16.113, 16.138, 16.140–16.141 | ||
| —friendly society dispensaries | 20.39 | ||
| —superannuation and life insurance | 21.24, 21.33, 21.36, 21.41 | ||
| —trusts | 15.30 | ||
| Living away from home allowances | 9.60–9.62 | ||
| —concessional deduction | 12.17, 12.30 | ||
| —recommendation | 9.62 | ||
| Local governing bodies and public authorities | 20.20 | ||
| Long service leave | 7.26, 8.10, 8.33, 8.48, 8.50, 8.51–8.65, 21.15, 21.26, 21.70 | ||
| Losses | |||
| —capital gains tax | 23.71 | ||
| —company tax | 16.136–16.144 | ||
| —income tax | 7.25 See also trusts, company tax | ||
| Losses, recoupment of | 8.12, 8.155–8.174 | ||
| —and exempt income | 8.169–8.171 | ||
| —carry back | 8.156–8.163 | ||
| —carry forward | 8.113, 8.164–8.168 | ||
| —effect of dividend income | 8.172–8.174 | ||
| —international comparisons | 8.156, 8.166 | ||
| —recommendations | 8.163, 8.168, 8.171, 8.174 | ||
| Lump sum payments | |||
| —compensation for injury | 7.34, 7.35 | ||
| —superannuation and life insurance | 21.15, 21.16, 21.26, 21.27, 21.47, 21.49–21.51, 21.52, 21.54–21.57, 21.61, 21.62–21.93, 21.112, 21.114, 21.128, 21.129 | ||
| Luxembourg, wealth tax | 26.3, 26.4, 26.8 | ||
| Manufacturing associations | 20.22 | ||
| Marginal adjustment scheme | See Averaging of income | ||
| Medical and surgical appliances | |||
| —concessional deduction | 12.44 | ||
| Medical expenses | |||
| —blind persons | 12.49–12.51 | ||
| —concessional deduction | 7.21, 12.17, 12.30, 12.35–12.51 | ||
| —encouragement of | 12.20 | ||
| —equity | 12.38 | ||
| —invalids | 12.49–12.51 | ||
| —possible anomoly | 12.36 | ||
| —present law | 12.35 | ||
| —travel | 12.47 | ||
| —travel by ambulance | 12.48 | ||
| Mining industry | 7.29, 19.1–19.115, 28.21 | ||
| —accelerated depreciation | 19.63–19.70 | ||
| —accounting practices | 19.14, 19.33, 19.59, 19.67 | ||
| —anti-pollution and ecological expenditure | 19.30–19.35 | ||
|
― 581 ― —capital raising and company formation expenditure |
19.62 | ||
| —conduct of mining operations | 19.8–19.12 | ||
| —depletion allowance | 19.36–19.41 | ||
| —development and infrastructure expense | 19.21–19.26 | ||
| —exploration and prospecting expenditure | 19.18–19.20, 19.56–19.61, 19.A3–19.A35 | ||
| —gold mining | 19.47, 19.A4, 19.A94–19A95 | ||
| —housing and welfare expenditure | 19.71–19.72 | ||
| —immediate write-off provisions | 19.63–19.70 | ||
| —international comparisons | 19.16, 19.29, 19.A1–19.A107 | ||
| —net income | 19.1, 19.4, 19.13–19.16, 19.36 | ||
| —overseas exploration and prospecting | 19.29 | ||
| —present legislation | 19.2, 19.17, 19.18, 19.21–19.22, 19.27–19.28, 19.42–19.44, 19.48–19.74, 19.62, 19.63–19.65, 19.71, 19.A3–19.A7 | ||
| —pre-tax profits | 19.1 | ||
| —processing and treatment of minerals | 19.27–19.28 | ||
| —purchase of rights or information | 19.42–19.45 | ||
| —recommendations | 19.19, 19.21, 19.25, 19.26, 19.27, 19.28, 19.34, 19.39, 19.41, 19.44, 19.45, 19.46, 19.51, 19.54, 19.61, 19.62, 19.70, 19.72 | ||
| —recent legislative amendments | 19.48–19.74 | ||
| —sale of right or information | 19.46, 19.A11, 19.A53–19.A54 | ||
| —site restoration | 119.31–19.35 | ||
| —special treatment of | 19.1, 19.4, 19.15, 19.16 | ||
| —transport facilities | 19.22–19.26, 19.73–19.74, 19.A42–19.A48 | ||
| —wasting assets | 19.12, 19.37, 19.41 See also Petroleum mining; Quarrying industry | ||
| Mortgage interest—concessional deductions for | 12.17, 12.21 | ||
| Mutual funds | 7.27 | ||
| Mutuality principle | 20.25, 20.33, 20.41 | ||
| National health insurance scheme, medical expenses | 12.42 | ||
| National superannuation committee of inquiry | 21.66 | ||
| Naturopaths | 12.46 | ||
| Negative tax system | |||
| —and social security payments | 13.15 | ||
| —and wealth tax | 26.2 | ||
| Netherlands | |||
| —rate scale, adjustment of | 14.54 | ||
| —wealth tax | 26.3, 26.7, 26.19, 26.20 | ||
| Net wealth (net worth) tax | See Wealth tax | ||
| New Zealand | |||
| —averaging of income | 14.81–14.82 | ||
| —business and professional income | 8.151–8.153 | ||
| —charities | 25.7, 25.13, 25.19 | ||
| —company tax | 16.126 | ||
| —income splitting | 11.42 | ||
| —income tax, international aspects | 17.5, 17.96 | ||
|
― 582 ― —investment income |
9.80 | ||
| —life insurance | 21.151, 21.154, 21.157 | ||
| —mining industry | 19.A27–19.A35, 19.A89–19.A90, 19.A102–19.A105 | ||
| —personal income tax rate structure | 14.3 | ||
| —property speculation tax | 2.11 | ||
| —rebate for overtime earnings | 6.19 | ||
| —standard deduction | 9.71, 9.72 | ||
| —superannuation | 21.53, 21.54, 21.56 | ||
| —tax rebate, non-reimbursable | 14.19 | ||
| —unit of taxation | 10.2 | ||
| —wealth tax | 26.3 | ||
| Non profit clubs and societies | 20.25 | ||
| Non-residents | 7.22, 7.33, 23.26 | ||
| Norway, wealth tax | 26.3, 26.4, 26.7, 26.9, 26.20 | ||
| ‘Nothings’ | 8.71, 8.110–8.112 | ||
| Objections to assessments | 2.5, 22.16–22.21, 28.24 | ||
| —cost of | 22.40–22.42 | ||
| Oil and gas mining | See Petroleum mining | ||
| Optical expenses, concessional deduction for | 12.17 | ||
| Pakistan, wealth tax | 26.3 | ||
| Parent, concessional rebate for | 12.11 | ||
| Partnerships | 7.28, 7.30, 11.3, 11.25–11.33, 11.34, 11.36, 15.1–15.3, 15.41–15.53, 15.63, 23.69, 28.17 | ||
| —allocation of income | 15.3, 15.41, 15.45 | ||
| —change from cash to accruals basis | 8.26 | ||
| —character of income | 15.47–15.48 | ||
| —difference to companies | 15.2 | ||
| —foreign source income | 15.63 | ||
| —international aspects | 15.63 | ||
| —loss treatment | 15.49–15.50 | ||
| —net income | 15.41, 15.42, 15.44–15.48 | ||
| —non-resident partner | 15.63 | ||
| —profits | 15.41, 15.44 | ||
| —recommendations | 15.48, 15.51, 15.52, 15.53, 15.63 | ||
| —retired partners | 15.51–15.53 | ||
| —tax credit, dividends | 15.47 See also Business and professional income | ||
| P.A.Y.E. | See Tax instalment deductions | ||
| Payment of tax | 22.89–22.139 | ||
| Payments, apportionment of composite | 7.102 | ||
| Payroll tax | 1.3, 2.9, 27.45 | ||
| —and inflation | 6.23 | ||
| Penalties | 22.45–22.54 | ||
| —failure to make return | 22.51–22.53 | ||
| —failure to supply information | 22.49–22.50 | ||
| —imprisonment | 22.46 | ||
| —time for payment of | 22.48 | ||
| Pensions, superannuation | 21.48, 21.52, 21.66, 21.78, 21.112, 21.114, 21.129 | ||
| Personal alowance, universal | 14.19 | ||
|
― 583 ― Personal income tax |
3.30–3.32, 10.1–10.33, 12.1–12.62, 13.1–13.27, 14.1–14.85, 28.16 | ||
| —and company tax | 14.26–14.27, 16.8, 16.10, 16.17, 16.34, 16.40, 16.41 | ||
| —complexity of | 3.31, 14.2, 14.3–14.16 | ||
| —concessional deductions: dependants | 7.21, 12.3–12.6 | ||
| —concessional deductions: others | 7.21, 12.30–12.62 | ||
| —indexation | 2.11, 6.34 | ||
| —inflation and the rate scale | 2.11, 6.15–6.21, 6.35, 6.42–6.51 | ||
| —negative tax system | 13.15, 26.2 | ||
| —principles relating to concessional deductions | 12.17–12.29 | ||
| —rate structure | 14.1–14.85, 27.44 | ||
| —simplification of rate structure | 3.21, 3.31 | ||
| —social service payments, taxation of | 5.15, 7.22, 13.1, 13.3, 13.10–13.12, 27.44 | ||
| —unit of taxation | 2.11, 3.11, 10.1–10.33 See alsoIncome tax; Rate structure; Shape of personal income tax rate scale; Tax mix | ||
| Personal Representative as trustee | 15.8 | ||
| Petroleum mining | 19.75–19.91 | ||
| —amortisation | 19.88 | ||
| —depreciation allowances | 19.89 | ||
| —development expenditure | 19.86–19.88 | ||
| —exploration and prospecting expenditure | 19.78–19.85 | ||
| —international comparisons | 19.77, 19.A1–19.A107 | ||
| —present legislation | 19.75–19.76, 19.79, 19.80, 19.83, 19.87, 19.90, 19.A8–19.A10, 19.A49–19.A52 | ||
| —purchase of right or information | 19.90–19.91 | ||
| —recommendations | 19.82, 19.84, 19.87, 19.91 | ||
| —wasting assets | 19.88 See also Mining industry; Quarrying industry | ||
| Pollution and ecological expenditure | |||
| —business and professional income | 8.14, 8.207–8.208 | ||
| —mining industry | 19.30–19.35, 19.110 | ||
| Primary production | 7.24, 7.27 | ||
| Primary producers, averaging of income | 7.24, 14.62–14.63, 14.65, 14.68–14.69, 14.77, 14.79, 14.85 | ||
| Primary production, taxation of | 18.1–18.35, 28.20 | ||
| —averaging of income | 18.19–18.21 | ||
| —bunching of income | 18.19 | ||
| —capital expenditure | 18.22–18.28 | ||
| —cost price valuation | 18.9, 18.10, 18.11–18.12, 18.13, 18.14, 18.15, 18.16 | ||
| —depreciation | 18.22–18.28 | ||
| —eligibility | 18.3–18.4 | ||
| —forest operations | 18.5–18.8 | ||
| —hobby farms | 18.33, 18.35, 28.20 | ||
| —losses | 18.29, 18.33, 18.34 | ||
| —market selling price valuation | 18.9, 18.10, 18.13, 18.16 | ||
| —present system | 18.1–18.2 | ||
|
― 584 ― —recommendations |
14.77, 14.79, 18.8, 18.18, 18.19, 18.20, 18.21, 18.28, 18.35 | ||
| —restriction of benefit of tax provisions applying | 18.30–18.35 | ||
| —spreading of profits | 18.19–18.21 | ||
| —valuation of livestock | 18.9.18.18 | ||
| Private companies | 11.3, 11.25–11.33, 11.34, 11.35, 16.3, 16.13, 16.15, 16.62, 16.102, 16.105, 16.107, 16.130 | ||
| —close control | 16.105, 16.106, 16.108, 16.112 | ||
| —investment companies | 16.116–16.121 See also Companies; Company tax | ||
| Professional income | See Business and professional income | ||
| Progressivity | |||
| —effects of | 4.23–4.29 | ||
| —estate and gift duty | 24.4, 24.24 | ||
| —issues re | 3.18, 4.1–4.5 | ||
| —personal income tax rate structure | 14.1 | ||
| —statistics | 4.6–4.16 See also Fairness; Redistribution | ||
| Property income | 4.31, 16.116, 16.117 | ||
| —inflation | 6.69, 6.70 See also Investment income; Surcharge on property income | ||
| Prosecutions | 22.1, 22.45–22.54 | ||
| —onus of proof | 22.47 | ||
| —present position | 22.45 | ||
| —recommendations | 26.46, 22.47, 22.48, 22.53, 22.54 | ||
| Provisional tax | 22.109–22.128 | ||
| —criticisms of | 22.118–22.122 | ||
| —international comparisons | 22.117 | ||
| —p.a.y.e. method | 22.116–22.117, 22.123–22.128 | ||
| —present system | 22.109, 22.113, 22.114 | ||
| —recommendations | 22.116, 22.123 | ||
| Quarrying industry | 19.92–19.115, 28.20 | ||
| —anti-pollution and ecological expenditure | 19.110 | ||
| —depreciation of quarrying plant | 19.100–19.101 | ||
| —development expenditures | 19.104–19.109 | ||
| —expenditure incurred in | 19.96–19.99 | ||
| —exploration expenditure | 19.102–19.103 | ||
| —international comparison | 19.98, 19.99 | ||
| —nature of, compared to mining | 19.93–19.95 | ||
| —present legislation | 19.97 | ||
| —purchase and sale of a quarry | 19.111–19.115 | ||
| —recommendations | 19.103, 19.105, 19.109, 19.110, 19.111, 19.113–19.114, 19.115 | ||
| —transport facilities | 19.108 | ||
| —wasting assets | 19.92, 19.95, 19.111, 19.115 See also Mining industry; Petroleum mining | ||
| Rate scales, units of taxation | 10.20–10.22 | ||
|
― 585 ― Rate scale, adjustment of |
|||
| —by statutory or discretionary mechanism | 14.47–14.52 | ||
| —procedure | 14.52–14.59 | ||
| —purposes of | 14.44–14.46 | ||
| —recommendation | 14.52, 14.59 | ||
| Rate structure, personal income tax | 14.1–14.85 | ||
| —and inflation | 14.2, 14.39–14.59 | ||
| —averaging of income | 14.2, 14.60–14.85 | ||
| —basic characteristics | 14.1 | ||
| —complexity | 14.2, 14.3–14.5 | ||
| —dependant allowances | 14.42 | ||
| —frequency of adjustment | 14.2, 14.40–14.59 | ||
| —shape | 14.2, 14.15–14.39, 28.16 | ||
| —surcharge on property income | 14.2, 14.6–14.14 | ||
| Rate scale, personal income tax | See Averaging of income; Complexity of personal income tax rate structure; Rate scale, adjustment of; Shape of personal income tax rate scale; Surcharge on property income | ||
| Rates and land taxes | 26.1 | ||
| —concessional deduction | 12.17, 12.30 | ||
| Rates and taxes, deductions for | 7.42 | ||
| —recommendation | 7.54 | ||
| Receipts, composite apportionment of | 7.101 | ||
| Records, keeping of for travel and entertainment expenses | 9.39 | ||
| Redistribution | |||
| —non-tax policies | 4.17–4.22 | ||
| —objective | 4.32–4.38 | ||
| —through taxation | 4.17, 4.23–4.31 See also Fairness; Progressivity | ||
| Reform, goals of | 4.32–4.38, 5.1–5.16, 28.1–28.2, 28.5 | ||
| Registered tax agents | 22.83–22.88 | ||
| —constitution of board | 22.86 | ||
| —declarations by | 22.87–22.88 | ||
| —present position | 22.83–22.85 | ||
| —recommendations | 22.85, 22.86, 22.88 | ||
| Rent payments, deduction for | 7.56, 7.57 See also Imputed rent | ||
| Repairs | 8.13, 8.198–8.201 | ||
| Retail sales tax | 27.29, 27.30 | ||
| Retirement benefits | 7.5, 7.9 | ||
| Retiring allowances | 21.3, 21.25–21.29, 21.43 See also Superannuation and retiring allowances | ||
| Returns, penalties for failure to make | 22.51–22.53 | ||
| Revenue, losses from concessional deductions | 12.18 | ||
| Review and appeal | See Appeals | ||
| Ross Committee (1967), charities | 25.7, 25.13 | ||
| Salary and wages income | See Employment income | ||
|
― 586 ― Sales Tax |
See Retail sales tax; Wholesale sales tax | ||
| Saving incentives | See Incentives | ||
| Savings | |||
| —bias against | 21.5–21.6 | ||
| —encouragement of | 9.75, 21.6, 21.7 | ||
| —inflation, effect of | 6.3, 21.164 | ||
| Self education | |||
| —concessional deduction | 12.17, 12.30 | ||
| —expenses | 7.97–7.100 | ||
| —recommendation | 7.100 | ||
| Senate Standing Committee on Finance and Government Operations (1973) | 24.2 | ||
| Shape of personal income tax rate scale | |||
| —avoidance and evasion | 14.31–14.32, 14.37 | ||
| —effect on incentives | 14.26, 14.28–14.30, 14.37 | ||
| —high range | 14.25–14.33 | ||
| —in relation to company income tax | 14.26–14.27 | ||
| —intermediate range | 14.34–14.39 | ||
| —low range | 14.16–14.24 | ||
| —maximum marginal rates | 14.26, 14.33 | ||
| —recommendation | 14.21, 14.33 | ||
| —revenue yield | 14.25, 14.35 | ||
| —size of marginal steps | 14.17–14.22, 14.24, 14.34, 14.36, 14.38 | ||
| Simplicity | |||
| —and other objectives | 3.45–3.49 | ||
| —and social security payments | 13.6–13.7, 13.10–13.11, 13.13–13.14 | ||
| —averaging of income | 14.69 | ||
| —company tax | 3.21, 3.34 | ||
| —concessional deduction | 12.25, 12.29 | ||
| —criteria of tax reform | 3.19–3.22 | ||
| —excise duties | 27.10 | ||
| —goals of tax reform | 5.1, 5.16 | ||
| —income tax, international aspects | 17.36–17.41, 17.42, 17.43, 17.68, 17.A10 | ||
| —personal income tax | 3.21, 3.31 | ||
| —public expenditure v. concessional deductions | 3.44 | ||
| —surcharge on property income | 14.6 | ||
| —wholesale sales tax | 27.A6 See also Complexity | ||
| Singapore, income tax | 17.21, 17.96 | ||
| Social security | See Child endowment; Social security contributions; Social service payments | ||
| Social security contributions | 2.7–2.9, 13.1, 13.17–13.27 | ||
| Social service payments | 1.10, 3.4, 5.3, 13.2–13.16 | ||
| —alternatives to concessional deductions | 3.44 | ||
| —and negative tax system | 13.15, 26.2 | ||
| —and progressivity | 3.44, 4.11–4.12 | ||
| —and VAT | 27.47, 27.49 | ||
| —as income | 13.3, 28.16 | ||
|
― 587 ― —eligibility for |
13.3–13.5, 13.13 | ||
| —incorporation in the tax base | 5.15, 7.22, 13.1, 13.10–13.12, 27.44 | ||
| —reference numbers | 13.14 See also Child endowment | ||
| South Africa | |||
| —mining industry | 19.A25–19.A26, 19.A81–19.A88, 19.A106–19.A107 | ||
| —unit of taxation | 10.10 | ||
| Spare parts | 8.118–8.120 | ||
| Split-rate system | See Company tax | ||
| Spooner Committee | |||
| —business and professional income | 8.3, 8.54, 8.72, 8.129, 8.149, 8.157, 8.165 | ||
| —company tax | 16.105 | ||
| —excess profits tax | 6.30 | ||
| —friendly society dispensary | 20.38–20.39, 20.43 | ||
| —quarrying | 19.112 | ||
| —retiring allowances, recommendations | 21.20–21.23, 21.80 | ||
| Sporting societies | 20.22, 20.27, 20.28 | ||
| Spouse | |||
| —concessional deduction for | 12.3 | ||
| —concessional rebate for | 12.4, 14.23 | ||
| —earnings of | 12.7 | ||
| —estate and gift duty | 24.29–24.31 See also Concessional deduction; Unit of taxation | ||
| Sri Lanka, wealth tax | 26.3 | ||
| Stabilisation | See Economic management | ||
| Standard Deduction | 9.70–9.73, 28.15 | ||
| —recommendation | 9.73 | ||
| Statistics | |||
| —business and professional income | 8.52, 8.55, 8.58, 8.62 | ||
| —concessional deductions | 12.1, 12.18 | ||
| —distribution of income and taxes | 4.6–4.16 | ||
| —historical perspective | 2.1–2.5 | ||
| —inadequacy | 4.6, 14.15, 14.20, 26.24, 28.8 | ||
| —international comparison | 2.6–2.11 | ||
| —superannuation and life insurance | 21.10, 21.139 | ||
| Student | |||
| —concessional allowance for | 12.16 | ||
| Study leave | 9.63–9.66 | ||
| —recommendation | 9.66 | ||
| Submissions | |||
| —administration | 22.1, 22.2–22.4, 22.11, 22.15, 22.16, 22.40, 22.43, 22.45, 22.49, 22.51, 22.59, 22.64, 22.74, 22.107, 22.110, 22.139 | ||
| —advertisement inviting | xviii | ||
| —business and professional income | 8.3–8.4, 8.11, 8.27–8.28, 8.78, 8.79, 8.130, 8.167, 8.175 | ||
| —company tax | 16.122–16.124 | ||
| —criteria of tax system | 3.5 | ||
|
― 588 ― —estate and gift duty |
24.2 | ||
| —exempt bodies and mutual associations | 20.28, 20.30, 20.36, 20.40 | ||
| —general insurance | 20.8, 20.11, 20.18 | ||
| —goods and services, taxation of | 27.A9, 27.A11, 27.A16 | ||
| —income tax base | 7.27 | ||
| —income tax, international aspects | 17.95 | ||
| —inflation | 6.42, 6.66 | ||
| —mining | 19.5, 19.19, 19.21, 19.23, 19.27, 19.29, 19.53, 19.67, 19.68, 19.77, 19.92, 19.95, 19.98, 19.100–19.101, 19.107 | ||
| —numbers received | xviii, 1.5 | ||
| —personal income tax rate structure | 14.15 | ||
| —primary production | 18.26, 18.28, 18.30 | ||
| —reform of tax system | 1.5 | ||
| —social security | 13.2 | ||
| —superannuation | 21.105 | ||
| —unit of taxation | 10.3–10.4 | ||
| —wealth tax | 26.2 | ||
| Subscriptions | 7.84–7.88 | ||
| —distinction between employed and self employed person | 7.84, 7.85 | ||
| —concessional deduction | 12.17, 12.30 | ||
| —recommendation | 7.88 | ||
| Superannuation | 21.1–21.133 | ||
| —alternative methods of treatment | 21.58–21.133 | ||
| —and capital gains tax | 23.66 | ||
| —annuities | 21.48, 21.55, 21.75, 21.78 | ||
| —arm's length transactions | 21.28, 21.43, 21.74 | ||
| —avoidance of tax | 21.49–21.51 | ||
| —benefits from funds, taxation of | 21.47–21.51 | ||
| —concessional deduction | 12.17, 12.19, 21.30–21.32 | ||
| —contributions, employee | 21.30–21.36, 21.102, 21.117, 21.118, 21.121 | ||
| —contributions, employer | 21.33–21.35, 21.117, 21.118, 21.130, 21.131 | ||
| —contributions to | 7.89, 7.21, 7.95, 12.30 | ||
| —funds, taxation of | 21.37–21.46, 21.94–21.101, 21.120 | ||
| —international comparisons | 21.52–21.57 | ||
| —Canada | 21.53, 21.55 | ||
| —New Zealand | 21.53, 21.54, 21.56 | ||
| —U.K. | 21.53, 21.56 | ||
| —U.S. | 21.53, 21.57, 21.76 | ||
| —lump sum payments | 21.13–21.24, 21.26, 21.27, 21.47, 21.49–21.51, 21.54–21.57, 21.61, 21.62–21.93, 21.112–21.114, 21.128, 21.129 | ||
| —pensions | 21.48, 21.52, 21.66, 21.78, 21.112, 21.114, 21.129 | ||
| —present position | 21.10–21.51 | ||
| —problems of reform | 21.58, 21.63, 21.65, 21.83, 21.106, 21.132 | ||
|
― 589 ― —proposed ‘approved funds’ |
21.109, 21.114, 21.119–21.122 | ||
| —reasonable benefits | 21.35, 21.42, 21.43, 21.79, 21.99, 21.102, 21.108 | ||
| —recommendations | 21.68–21.79, 21.89–21.93, 21.94–21.101, 21.102–21.104, 21.105, 21.107, 21.110–21.122 | ||
| —restricted covenants | 21.74 | ||
| —self employed persons | 21.36, 21.44, 21.71, 21.72, 21.87, 21.95, 21.105, 21.108, 21.114, 21.116 | ||
| —spreading provisions | 21.70, 21.73, 21.75, 21.76–21.77, 21.110 | ||
| —tax assisted saving | 21.108, 21.116, 21.118, 21.127 | ||
| —‘30/20’ requirement | 21.39, 21.42, 21.44, 21.46, 21.61, 21.97, 27.107 | ||
| —transitional provisions | 21.80, 21.101, 21.106, 21.123, 21.124 | ||
| —vesting of contributions | 21.111, 21.131 | ||
| Superannuation and Life Insurance, General considerations | 21.1–21.9 | ||
| —concessional treatment | 21.8 | ||
| —savings, encouragement of | 21.6–21.7 | ||
| —special treatment, case for | 21.4–21.9 | ||
| —transitional provisions | 21.9 See also Concessional deductions | ||
| Surcharge on property income | |||
| —complexity | 14.10, 14.12–14.13 | ||
| —personal income tax rate structure | 14.2, 14.6–14.14 | ||
| —recommendation | 14.14 | ||
| Sweden | |||
| —imputed rent of the owner-occupied home | 7.43 | ||
| —rate scale, adjustment of | 14.55 | ||
| —travel to and from work | 7.60 | ||
| —unit of taxation | 2.11 | ||
| —wealth tax | 26.3, 26.4, 26.7, 26.9, 26.20, 26.21 | ||
| Switzerland, wealth tax | 26.3, 26.4, 26.7, 26.8 | ||
| Tax Avoidance | See Avoidance; Trusts | ||
| Tax base, erosion of | 6.36, 6.65–6.71, 12.27 | ||
| Tax credits | 2.11 | ||
| —for gifts to charities | 25.22, 25.25 | ||
| Tax drift | 6.36, 6.39–6.64, 14.40 | ||
| —concessional allowances | 6.52–6.59 | ||
| —estate and gift duties | 6.60–6.64 | ||
| —income tax rates | 6.42–6.51 | ||
| —tax mix | 6.41 | ||
| —total tax receipts | 6.40 | ||
| Tax havens | 17.9, 17.10, 17.15, 17.16, 17.26, 17.46–17.55, 17.71, 17.73, 17.74, 17.82, 17.90, 17.93, 24.A38 | ||
| Tax instalment deductions (PAYE) | 9.6, 9.43–9.45 22.89, 22.91–22.108 | ||
| —averaging of income | 14.69 | ||
|
― 590 ― —concessional deductions |
22.92 | ||
| —dual employment | 22.100–22.101 | ||
| —excess deductions | 22.91–22.95 | ||
| —extension of system | 22.97–22.99, 22.102 | ||
| —false claims | 22.106 | ||
| —fringe benefits | 22.102 | ||
| —home loan interest | 22.92 | ||
| —identity of taxpayer under PAYE system | 22.100, 22.104–22.105 | ||
| —interest on excess instalments | 22.107–22.108 | ||
| —limitations on effectiveness | 22.96–22.103 | ||
| —variation in | 22.92, 22.94–22.95 | ||
| Tax mix | |||
| —actual | 2.4, 2.9–2.10, 6.41 | ||
| —proposals re | 1.6, 3.45–3.49, 5.1–5.16 | ||
| Tax payment, and inflation | 6.36, 6.37–6.38 | ||
| Tax planning | 16.96, 16.118–16.119, 24.2 See also Trusts | ||
| Tax rebate, non-reimbursable | 14.19 | ||
| Terms of reference | xvii, xx, 1.8, 1.14, 3.1–3.6, 28.1, 28.4, 28.5, 28.6 | ||
| ‘30/20’ requirement | 21.39, 21.42, 21.44, 21.46, 21.61, 21.97, 21.107, 21.147 | ||
| Trade unions | 20.22, 20.27 | ||
| Trading stock | 8.12, 8.113–8.154, 8.187–8.188 | ||
| —cost price valuation | 8.124–8.155, 8.126–8.135 | ||
| —definition of | 8.166–8.122 | ||
| —disposal of | 8.140–8.154 | ||
| —land held for resale | 8.177 | ||
| —market selling valuation | 8.136–8.138 | ||
| —methods of valuation | 8.123, 8.139 | ||
| —net realisable value | 8.137–8.138 | ||
| —plant spares and consumable stores | 8.118–8.120 | ||
| —present provisions | 8.113–8.114, 8.116–8.117 | ||
| —recommendations | 8.117, 8.118, 8.121, 8.133, 8.135, 8.138, 8.139, 8.144–8.145, 8.146, 8.151 | ||
| —replacement price | 8.139 | ||
| —shares and debentures | 8.119–8.121 | ||
| Transfer payments | See Child endowment; Social service grants | ||
| Travel and removal expenses | 9.50–9.59 | ||
| —recommendations | 9.51, 9.56, 9.58 | ||
| —removal within employment | 9.35–9.56 | ||
| —temporary travel within employment | 9.51–9.52 | ||
| —to new employment | 9.57–9.59 See also Living away from home allowance; Study leave | ||
| Travelling and entertainment expenses | 8.14, 8.205–8.206, 9.36–9.42 | ||
| Travel to and from work, deductibility of | 7.58–7.65 | ||
| —arguments against | 7.64 | ||
| —arguments for | 7.61–7.63 | ||
| —recommendation | 7.65 | ||
| Treasury, assistance of | xviii | ||
|
― 591 ― Treasury/Tax papers |
xviii | ||
| Trusts | 15.1–15.40, 15.54–15.62, 7.27, 7.28, 7.29, 7.31, 11.3, 11.25–11.33 | ||
| —accounting period | 15.9 | ||
| —accumulating income | 15.25–15.35, 15.55, 15.59, 15.60, 28.17 | ||
| —allocation of income | 15.3, 15.7 | ||
| —and capital gains tax | 23.26, 23.45–23.50 | ||
| —annuity | 15.13 | ||
| —assignment of interest | 15.57 | ||
| —beneficiaries presently entitled | 15.4, 15.5, 15.7, 15.8–15.13 | ||
| —beneficiaries, presently entitled but under disability | 15.14–15.15 | ||
| —bonus shares | 15.18 | ||
| —character of income | 15.6 | ||
| —credit for tax paid by | 15.28–15.29 | ||
| —deceased estates | 15.8, 15.23, 15.31, 15.33, 15.35, 24.12, 24.19 | ||
| —depreciation | 15.21 | ||
| —difference to companies | 15.2 | ||
| —discretion, exercise of | 15.10–15.11 | ||
| —double taxation relief | 15.60 | ||
| —foreign source income | 15.55, 154.56, 15.58, 15.60, 15.61 | ||
| —income received in advance | 15.5 | ||
| —international aspects | 15.54–15.62 | ||
| —lease premiums | 15.20 | ||
| —losses | 15.36–15.40, 8.163 | ||
| —net income | 15.16–15.24 | ||
| —personal representative | 15.8 | ||
| —rates of tax | 15.30–15.32 | ||
| —recommendations | 15.5, 15.6, 15.8, 15.9, 15.10, 15.12, 15.15, 15.18, 15.22, 15.32, 15.34, 15.35, 15.40, 15.56, 15.61 | ||
| —resettlement of trust incomes | 15.12 | ||
| —residence of beneficiary | 15.55, 15.56 | ||
| —residence of trust | 15.58, 15.59 | ||
| —residence of trustee | 15.55, 15.56 | ||
| —tax avoidance | 15.30–15.32, 15.34 | ||
| —trustees, allocation of income to | 15.7 | ||
| —trust income | 15.16–15.24 See also Business and professional income; Estate and gift duty; Estate and gift duty, proposed integrated base of | ||
| Trustees | See Trusts | ||
| Turnover tax | 27.25 | ||
| Undistributed profits tax | 16.15, 16.62, 16.112, 16.124, 16.130, 16.148 See also Company tax; Private companies | ||
| United Kingdom | |||
| —business and professional income | 8.187 | ||
|
― 592 ― —capital gains tax |
23.20, 23.25, 23.27, 23.33, 23.41, 23.43, 23.62, 23.80 | ||
| —charities | 25.9, 25.15, 25.19, 25.35 | ||
| —company tax | 16.12, 16.52, 16.54, 16.55, 16.56, 16.72, 16.74, 16.81, 16.82, 16.98, 16.100–16.101, 16.128, 16.131, 16.134–16.135 | ||
| —hobby farming | 18.33 | ||
| —income splitting | 11.12, 11.15 | ||
| —income tax, international aspects | 17.13, 17.37, 17.88, 17.96, 17.101, 17.103, 17.A1 | ||
| —inflation | 6.18 | ||
| —life insurance | 21.134, 21.151, 21.153, 21.157 | ||
| —mining industry | 19.A15–19.A17, 19.A56–19.A61 | ||
| —personal allowance, universal | 14.19 | ||
| —personal income tax rate structure | 14.3 | ||
| —superannuation | 21.56 | ||
| —travel to and from work | 7.60 | ||
| —surcharge on property income | 14.6 | ||
| —unit of taxation | 10.6–10.7, 10.20 | ||
| —wealth tax | 26.3 | ||
| United Kingdom Royal Commission on the Taxation of Profits and Income (1955) | 19.38, 25.10, 25.15 | ||
| United States | |||
| —averaging of income | 14.74, 14.76–14.77 | ||
| —business and professional income | 8.67 | ||
| —capital gains tax | 23.43–23.44 | ||
| —charities | 25.11, 25.15, 25.19, 25.23 | ||
| —child minding expenses | 7.68 | ||
| —company tax | 16.12, 16.81, 16.85–16.87, 16.88, 16.90, 16.91, 16.93, 16.96, 16.113, 16.125 | ||
| —estate and gift duty | 24.A11 | ||
| —hobby farming | 18.33 | ||
| —income tax, international aspects | 17.37, 17.48, 17.51, 17.96, 17.101, 17.102, 17.104, 17.A1 | ||
| —information, dissemination of | 22.69, 22.72 | ||
| —life insurance | 21.151, 21.155, 21.157 | ||
| —mining industry | 19.A22–19.A24, 19.A75–19.A80, 19.A98 | ||
| —partnerships | 15.53 | ||
| —personal allowance, universal | 14.19 | ||
| —personal income tax rate structure | 2.11, 14.3 | ||
| —superannuation | 21.53, 21.57, 21.76 | ||
| —surcharge on property income | 14.6 | ||
| —unit of taxation | 10.8–10.9, 10.20 | ||
| —valuation of livestock | 18.16, 18.17 | ||
| —wealth tax | 26.3 | ||
| Unit of taxation | 10.1–10.33, pp.157–158, 28.16 | ||
| —aggregation of income | pp.140–141, 28.16 | ||
| —alimony | 10.30–10.32 | ||
| —and child endowment | 10.25, 12.15 | ||
| —and dependent spouse | 10.23, 12.9 | ||
|
― 593 ― —arguments for reform of |
10.14–10.19 | ||
| —avoidance of tax | 10.26, p.140 | ||
| —children | 10.24, 10.25, 28,16 | ||
| —compulsory family rate | 10.15, 10.16, 11.4 | ||
| —concessional deduction | 10.25 | ||
| —de facto spouses | 10.29 | ||
| —family | 10.1–10.33, pp.140–141 | ||
| —income splitting | 10.4, 10.19, 10.21, 10.26, 10.29, 11.1–11.48 | ||
| —international comparisons | 10.5–10.13 | ||
| —optional family | 10.15, 10.17, 10.21, 10.26, 10.27–10.28, 10.33, p.140, p.158 | ||
| —personal income tax | 2.11, 3.11, 10.1–10.33 | ||
| —public examination of | 10.33, pp.140–141 | ||
| —rate scale | 10.20–10.22, p.141 | ||
| —recommendation | 10.25, 10.27, 10.33, pp.140–141 | ||
| —reservation by Committee member | pp.140–141 | ||
| —separated or divorced spouse | 10.30–10.32 | ||
| —working wives | 10.23 | ||
| Uraguay, wealth tax | 26.3 | ||
| VAT | |||
| —business and professional income | 8.23 | ||
| —and company tax | 27.45 | ||
| —and income tax | 27.44, 27.49 | ||
| —and payroll tax | 27.45 | ||
| —and social service payments | 27.47, 27.49 | ||
| —base | 27.31–27.35, 27.38, 28.29 | ||
| —exemptions | 27.33, 27.38 | ||
| —food and clothing | 27.20–27.21, 27.23 | ||
| —merits and defects | 27.37 | ||
| —overseas systems | 2.10, 27.31, 27.33–27.38 | ||
| —rate of tax | 27.34, 27.42, 27.48–27.49 | ||
| —recommendations | 27.39–27.51 See also Goods and services, taxation of; Tax mix | ||
| Wasting Assets | See Mining industry; Petroleum mining, Quarrying industry | ||
| Wealth tax | 3.39, 4.31, 24.6, 26.1–26.25, 28.28 | ||
| —administration of | 26.13, 26.15, 26.16, 26.17, 26.18, 26.19, 26.20, 26.22 | ||
| —and capital gains tax | 26.10, 26.11, 26.25 | ||
| —and estate and gift duty | 24.6, 26.11, 26.15, 26.16, 26.17, 26.23, 26.25 | ||
| —consideration of | 26.10–26.24 | ||
| —exemptions | 26.5, 26.6 | ||
| —overseas experience | 2.10, 26.3–26.9, 26.19, 26.20, 26.21 | ||
| —property included | 26.1, 26.5 | ||
| —rate of tax | 26.7 | ||
| —recommendations | 26.16, 26.25 | ||
| —revenue yield | 26.8 | ||
|
― 594 ― —valuation of assets |
26.17, 26.19, 26.20, 26.21, 26.22, 26.24 | ||
| Wholesale sales tax | |||
| —avoidance | 27.A25–27.A28 | ||
| —broad-based | 27.26–27.28 | ||
| —freight charges | 27.A20–27.A24 | ||
| —objections and appeals | 27.A12–27.A19 | ||
| —present system | 1.3, 2.5, 2.10, 27.3, 27.5–27.6, 27.10, 27.13–27.14, 27.A2, 27.A7–27.A8, 27.A10, 28.29 | ||
| —recommendations | 27.14, 27.40–27.41, 27.A9, 27.A24, 27.A28 | ||
| —simplicity | 27.A6 | ||
| —transitional provisions | 27.A3–27.A5 See also Goods and services, taxation of | ||
| Withholding tax | 17.1, 17.6, 17.53–17.62, 17.67, 17.68, 17.69, 17.71–17.76, 17.82, 17.86, 17.91, 17.94, 17.95, 17.A22, 17.A25, 22.139–22.140 | ||
| Wives | See Concessional deductions; Dependants; Unit of taxation | ||
| Women, Canadian Royal Commission on the Status of (1970) | p.140 | ||
| Work incentive | See Incentive | ||
| Zone allowances | |||
| —boundaries | 12.55–12.57 | ||
| —concessional deductions | 7.21, 12.17, 12.19, 12.53–12.62 | ||
| —deduction or rebate? | 12.58–12.59 | ||
| —qualifying period | 12.61–12.62 | ||
| —recommendations | 12.57, 12.59, 12.61–12.62 |